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Isolation, WWI, and post WWI Isolationism-Country turned inward during Civil War until Spanish American war
Lack of entanglements meant money spent at home.
Monroe Doctrine- justified isolationism, but later
supports imperialism.
Urban Growth
Geography determined which waterways, big cities
prospered.
Transportation of raw materials
Cities grew from technological advances
cheap steel = skyscrapers
Mass-
Transit developed
Crowded Urban Conditions- Tenements were cheap, crowded
apartments with appalling living conditions
Illnesses Prevailed Cholera, TB, influenza from bad
sanitation and water
Most of these occupants were immigrants who worked in local factories
and sweatshops
New Immigration-Different from old immigrants.
Mostly Jewish and Catholic. Lived
in ethnic neighborhoods in cities.
Nativists disliked this immigration for religious and
economic reasons
Abortion and Birth Control Laws-Comstock Law of 1883 were a
reaction of nativists
Not enough white, Protestant babies born.
Victorian Values-Genteel, Victorian values were the ideal,
not the norm; upper and middle class women mostly.
Victorian Era started about 1835, looked to the past;
nostalgia.
Women were to be modest, pure, non-sexual, and to have
intense love for their children.
Women used the disguise of purity and motherhood to become
mother’s to the world.
Settlement houses, orphanages, women’s prison reform,
alcoholism and temperance, prostitution
Corrupt Politics
Political Machines ran cities through bribery and favors.
Sometimes acted as social services for the poor.
Hands off government
Greatest corruption in Chicago and Grant’s presidency.
Reforms for the Nation- Education, Labor, Politics
Women and children benefited the most.
Better colleges and public schooling.
Civil Service Act of 1883 started reforms
Reforms of city and local governments
Shorter work days, child labor laws, better working
conditions.
Hull House, Jane Addams
Leisure Time Baseball
1st pro team- 1869
Safer bicycles.
More people moving to Suburbs.
Nickelodeons, invention of electric light, phone, phonograph,
dance halls and amusement parks.
•Imperialism-
creates empires by dominating a weaker nation
•American
manufacturers had more goods than consumers after industrial boom, and were
willing to back policies of foreign entanglements.
•US
intervention increases, especially in South America, Asia, and South
Pacific.
•Samuel
Dole, a pineapple planter deposes the last Hawaiian monarch.
Spanish
American War
•The
Maine, stationed in Cuba to support a Cuban rebellion against Spain;
exploded under mysterious circumstances 2/15/1898.
•William
Randolph Hearst and Joseph Pulitzer hyped reports to cause “War Fever”
•The
war was fought and won in 3 months, Monroe Doctrine and added Roosevelt
Collary justified American involvement.
•Cubans
never really gain independence from US after the war.
Part 2 WWI
Causes
Alliance
1.Triple Alliance-Germany, Austria-Hungary,
Bulgaria
2.Triple Entente-France, Britain, Russia
Balance of Power between European old order
Many members of same family
Militarism-countries build up weapons and
forces
War economy is prosperous
Imperialism (law of uneven development)
Lenin claimed competition between rapidly
growing capitalist states
(Europeans) over foreign markets (conquered territories &
colonies)
would lead to war.
Nationalism- extreme nationalists causing
tension.
Murder in Sarajevo (6/1914)
Serb nationalist kills heir to Austrian
throne.
Austria
attacks Serbia
The Central Powers- aid Austrian because of
Triple Alliance
The Central Powers Ottoman Empire (Turkey),
Austria-Hungary, Bulgaria, Germany, Luxembourg.
Russia protects Serbians
Allies- help because of
Triple Entente
The Allies-Britain,
Belgium, France, Italy-
China, Japan,
Australia, New Zealand and Africa
USA- neutral until 1917
Rapid mobilization thought to be the key to winning the war
Instead it
escalates to much of western world
Sinking of Lusitania by German U-boat(sub)
USA involvement helped win the war in one year.
Russian Revolution -Communist (Bolshevik) government’s first act was
to quit WWI.
Treaty
of Brest-Litovsk
Royal family executed 1918; a symbolic end of the old order.
Allied troops stay on Eastern Front to help White Russians after WWI
US refuses to use US troops in Russian Civil War, but did send about
10,000 “advisors”
Soviets distrust US, because they would recognize them diplomatically
or in the peace deal in Paris.
All this besides ideologically opposed to each other.
Post-W.W.I-the established order destroyed.
Disillusionment
apparent after WWI devastation
American intervention was supposed to end the war to end
all wars.
116,000 American (53,000 in battle)
900,000 English killed and wounded
1.35 mil France killed and wounded
1.7 mil Russia killed and wounded
War-time inflation left many Americans dissatisfied.
Strikes became wide-spread and were quickly blamed on aliens,
radicals and Communists.
Red Scare that followed was the worst violation of
Americans civil liberties in American history.
American citizens tortured; deportations and detentions
without due process.
Americans move again towards isolationism.
No real enforcement arm
Appeasement
Disdain for the League
Japan denied racially equality; a clause in League of
Nations
Germany saddled with war guilt 33$ billion and lose of
colonies, territory
4 billion marks = 1$ US
European allies more concerned with territorially gains
than a stable system.
American politicians are too isolationist, racist,
xenophobic or partisan to back the League of Nations
Americans of Irish, Italian and German descent unhappy with
the results of treaty negotiations
Wilson’s unwillingness to compromise and subsequent
stroke.
The despair in Europe sets the stage for totalitarian
dictators and fascism.
Hitler charmed Germans by identifying with the beliefs of
common Germans and fixing their economy.
New
theories and ideas in international politics after WWI
Idealism- those
who advocated moral principals and international laws and organizations
Supported
Wilson’s League of Nations
Realism- those suspicious of idealism and stressed the
importance of power and conflict
Socialism- a political and economic system, step on the way
to Communism
Communism- advocated as an economic and historical theory
by Marx and Engles in Communist Manifesto, everyone shares, no
government needed.
Authoritarian regime- not only monarchist, but fascists and
totalitarians use this system of political governance.
Controlled by a dictator.
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